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Potential difference and emf

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: When the ends of a conducting wire are connected to the terminals of a battery, an electric field is setup throughout the conductor. This field exerts a force on the charge (electron). Let Fe be the force exerted by the electric field on a free charge q. The free charges accelerate in the direction of the electric field (If the free charges are electrons, then the direction of electric force on them is opposite to the direction of electric field). It means the electric field does some work to move free charges in a specified direction. Let the electric force made the charges move through a distance ‘l’ from A to B as shown in figure . We know that, the work is the product of force and distance along the direction of force. Hence, work done by the electric force on a free charge q is given by W = Fe l [since work is the product of force a...

Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity

OHM’S LAW Before going to Ohm’s law let us discuss in brief about some electrical components or devices we use in electric circuits. A Battery serves as a source of electricity in a circuit. We use mainly two measuring devices in this concept those are Volt meter: used to measure potential difference between the two ends of a conductor. So it is always connected in parallel ( we learn about types of connections later in this chapter) Ammeter: used to measure the current passing in the circuit. So it is always connected in series. Now let us dive in to the activity did by Ohm to understand his concept. Materials required: 5 dry cells of 1.5V each, conducting wires, an ammeter, a volt meter, thin iron spoke of length 10cm, LED and key. Procedure: Connect a circuit as shown in the above figure. Solder the conducting wires to the ends of the iron spoke. Close the key. Note the readings of current from ammeter and potential difference from volt meter in table ...

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS FROM REFLECTION OF LIGHT

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS: QUESTIONS: 1) An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. Then find image distance and nature of the image. ANS: Mirror type: concave Given data, u=-20 cm( “-“ is because of sign convention, object distance should be measured from pole to object which is in opposite Direction to the direction of incident ray) f=-10 cm ( applying sign convention same as above) mirror formula => 1/f=1/u+1/v ð 1/-10=(1/-20)+(1/v) ð 1/v=(1/20)+(1/-10) ð 1/v=(1/20)-(1/10) ð 1/v=(1-2)/20 (on taking L.C.M) ð 1/v=-1/20 ð V=-20 cm Nature: Here “-“ sign indicates the image formed is real and inverted. The image is formed on the object itself as the object distance and image distance are equal. The image is formed at C. (refer case 3 of concave mirror) 2) ...

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