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REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB (lateral and vertical shifts)

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Rules to draw ray diagrams & sign convention rules for spherical mirrors

  RULES TO DRAW RAY DIAGRAMS FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS                                                                            Rule 1: The ray passing parallel to principal axis, after reflection passes through focus (or appears to be coming from focus in case of convex mirror) Rule 2: The ray passing through Focus (or appears to be passing through focus in case of convex mirror), after reflection becomes parallel to principal axis.                                                        Rule 3: The ray passing through principal axis comes back in the same path after reflection.      ...
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Total internal reflection (T.I.R)

  TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION: We know that when light enters from denser medium to rarer medium it bends away to the normal.(i<r) What happens when angle of incidence goes on increasing?. Observe the diagram below. So as we increase angle of incidence the refracted ray continue to bend further away from normal and at one particular angle of incidence it grazes through the interface. This angle is known as critical angle. CRITICAL ANGLE: The angle of incidence for which refracted ray grazes through the interface when light is sent from denser to rarer medium is called critical angle. At critical angle,   i=c  and  r=90 0 Let C be the critical angle. Then r becomes 90 0 we get, µ1/µ2 = sin 90/ sin c (applying Snell’s law)   =>   µ 1 /µ 2 = 1/sin c . We get sin c = µ 2 / µ 1 .We know that µ 1 /µ 2 i.e., µ 12 is called refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium sin c = 1/µ 12   What happens when angle of incidence is...
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