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Rules to draw ray diagrams & sign convention rules for spherical mirrors

  RULES TO DRAW RAY DIAGRAMS FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS                                                                            Rule 1: The ray passing parallel to principal axis, after reflection passes through focus (or appears to be coming from focus in case of convex mirror) Rule 2: The ray passing through Focus (or appears to be passing through focus in case of convex mirror), after reflection becomes parallel to principal axis.                                                        Rule 3: The ray passing through principal axis comes back in the same path after reflection.      ...
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prism and refractive index of prism

  PRISM:   A prism is a transparent medium separated from the surrounding medium by at least two plane surfaces which are inclined at a certain angle in such a way that, light incident on one of the plane surfaces emerges from the other plane surface. Consider a triangular glass prism. It contains  two triangular bases and three rectangular plane lateral surfaces. These lateral surfaces are inclined to each other. Let us consider that triangle PQR represents outline of the prism where it rests on its triangular base.       Let us assume that a light ray is incident on  the plane surface PQ of a prism at M as shown in figure. Draw a perpendicular to the surface at M. It becomes a normal to that surface. The angle between the incident ray and normal is called angle of incidence (i 1 ). The ray is refracted at M. It moves through prism and meets the other plane surface at N and finally comes out of the prism. The ray which comes out of the surfa...
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Total internal reflection (T.I.R)

  TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION: We know that when light enters from denser medium to rarer medium it bends away to the normal.(i<r) What happens when angle of incidence goes on increasing?. Observe the diagram below. So as we increase angle of incidence the refracted ray continue to bend further away from normal and at one particular angle of incidence it grazes through the interface. This angle is known as critical angle. CRITICAL ANGLE: The angle of incidence for which refracted ray grazes through the interface when light is sent from denser to rarer medium is called critical angle. At critical angle,   i=c  and  r=90 0 Let C be the critical angle. Then r becomes 90 0 we get, µ1/µ2 = sin 90/ sin c (applying Snell’s law)   =>   µ 1 /µ 2 = 1/sin c . We get sin c = µ 2 / µ 1 .We know that µ 1 /µ 2 i.e., µ 12 is called refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium sin c = 1/µ 12   What happens when angle of incidence is...
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